This Web document is updated twice a year, on or about the first day of registration for Fall and Spring semesters.

1006  The World of Dinosaurs (3) Cross listed as GEO 1040. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Dinosaurs are the most celebrated fossil organisms. These remarkably diverse and successful animals inhabited every major continent, persisted more than 150 million years, and evolved numerous bizarre forms of varying body sizes. This course presents an overview of the major dinosaur groups and places them into temporal, biogeographic, and ecological context. Topics include modes of preservation, feeding adaptations, social behavior, evolution, extinction, and the origin of birds. Dinosaurs are also used as a vehicle to introduce the scientific method.

1010  Biology and Society (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   An introductory class to the life sciences. Topics include inheritance, human genetics, evolution, diversity of life, ecology, the physiology of plants and animals and human impacts on the environment. A continual focus of the class is how scientific discoveries in biology relate to humans and their societies. This class is specifically intended for non-majors.

1020  Ecology and Global Change (3)
   Global changes are occurring at an unprecedented rate. In this course we will study the impact of global warming, a changing atmosphere, land-use changes, and other human-related activities on the Earth's biological systems. An emphasis is placed on understanding the linkages between biological and physical processes and the role of humans in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Current issues such as climate change, biodiversity, species extinction, sustainability, and the provision of ecosystem goods and services are examined from a scientific basis with the goal of understanding how these issues impact society.

1075  Advanced Placement Biology Laboratory (1)
   This laboratory course is designed to introduce high school students to a college level biology course that complements the preparatory course to the Advance Placement test offered by the student's high school. There are 12 exercises intended to challenge the students' abilities to understand experimental problems, develop hypotheses, conduct experiments and analyze the data from these experiments.

1085  Advanced Placement Biology Laboratory (1)
   This laboratory course is designed to introduce high school students to a college level biology course that complements the preparatory course to the Advance Placement test offered by the student's high school. There are 12 exercises intended to challenge the students' abilities to understand experimental problems, develop hypotheses, conduct experiments and analyze the data from these experiments.

1210  Principles of Biology (4) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Introduces the workings of life from the molecular to the ecosystem level. Topics include genetics, development, ecological interrelationships, evolution, physiology and behavior. A preparatory course intended for all life and health science students.

1310  The World of Insects (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   This course is designed to make students aware of and appreciate the importance of insects. Insects are the dominant group of multicellular organisms on the planet, and have a direct impact on all human life, yet they are a mystery to the average person. The broad general review of topics in insect behavior, physiology, conservation, ecology and evolution is intended for undergraduate level students interested in augmenting their scientific background.

1320  Introductory Human Physiology (5) Recommended Prerequisite: CHEM 1110.
   An introduction to human physiology that also includes essential background topics from general biology. Intended primarily for students in nursing and other health related fields. Does not satisfy or count toward any requirement with the biology major. Students with background in biology at least equivalent in BIOL 1210 are advised to take BIOL 2420 instead, and only one of the two (1320 or 2420) can be taken for credit.

1330  Plants and Society (3) Fulfills Applied Science.
   This course will survey the plants useful or harmful to humans and will explore their origins and history, botanical relationships and constituents that make them economically important. This course is suitable for non-majors with no previous biology experience.

1340  Ecological Principles of Organic Gardening (2)
   A course in ecological gardening including fundamentals of plant physiology, growth and nutrition; seed germination; soil properties, formation and fertility; nutrient cycling; water relationships; composting; mulching; irrigation; inter-cropping; biological pest management; locally-adapted and traditional (Native American) food plants; garden plants; extending the season; etc. The role of gardening in fostering environmental awareness and ecological consciousness. Actual gardening experience will be provided as students work in the Sill Center Garden and at the Pioneer Community Garden at the University of Utah in support of local food pantries. In addition, students participate in course-related community service projects throughout the summer.

1350  Literature of Ecology (2)
   A reading, writing and discussion course that explores ecological ideas, concepts and principles that are outlined in selected examples of American nature writing. Course examines literary works with significant ecological implications and they work of scientists who write in the literary tradition.

1400  Introduction to Environmental Science (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Introduction to ecological principles that underlie environmental science and natural resource conservation. Examination of the environment as the context for human activities. Discussion of human effects on ecosystems.

1410  Biology of Evolution (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   An investigation of organic evolution, how it works, and its impact on society. Philosophical aspects include the role of genetic, environmental and cultural diversity, and differences between biological and cultural evolution.

1960  Topics in Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

2001  Principles of Biology I: Cell Biology and Genetics (4) Recommended Prerequisite: CHEM 1210 and BIOL 1210 or equivalent.
   A rigorous introduction to biology intended for biology majors and pre-professional students in biomedical sciences. This course will emphasize the structure and function of cells, heredity, and mechanisms of evolution. Note: BIOL 2001 and BIOL 2002 may be taken in either order.

2002  Principles of Biology II: Diversity, Form, and Function (4) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 1000.
   This course emphasizes biological diversity, and the structure and function of organisms.

2010  Evolution & Diversity of Life (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 1210.
   The evolution of reproductive, physiologic, and morphologic diversity from the beginning of life through the origins of major lineages of organisms.

2015  Evolution and Diversity Laboratory (2) Prerequisite: BIOL 1210. Co-requisite: BIOL 2010.
   Observational studies of the major lineages of organisms including bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

2020  Principles of Cell Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 1210 (or equivalent) and BIOL 2010, and CHEM 1210.
   Structure of cells and organelles in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, function of cellular components, cell shape and movement, and differentiation and development in cell systems.

2021  Principles of Cell Science (4) Pre-requisite: BIOL 1210 or instructor permission.
   Lectures will explore the relationship between cell structure and function, using examples from prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi). Discussions will focus on the experimental foundation underlying current models of cell structure and function, and the impact of advances in cell science on modern society.

2030  Genetics (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 or instructor's consent.
   Study of classical genetics including the rules of inheritance, transmission genetics, and genes in populations. Also covers molecular analysis of gene structure, function, expression, and evolution.

2115  Basic Techniques Laboratory (2) Prerequisite: Acceptance into BIOL URP program.
   Pipetting, pH meter, balances, gel electrophoresis, centrifuge, bacterial growth, plating, and mixing solutions. Prepares student to work in research laboratory.

2210  Human Genetics (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 1210 or equivalent. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Principles of genetics with emphasis on human examples and applications. Covers Mendelian inheritance, the molecular basis of gene function, genetic engineering, population genetics and evolution. Considerable attention is given to the process of scientific inquiry and to relevant social issues.

2325  Human Anatomy (4) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 1210 or 1320.
   Rigorous, in-depth coverage of structure and function of the human body. Laboratories use prosected human body parts.

2355  Field Botany (2)
   The botany and ecology of our regional flora from alpine tundra to salt desert habitats. Numerous afternoon field trips provide the context for learning techniques of plant identification as well as ecological and land use issues concerning Utah's plant communities.

2400  Principles of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation (3) Fulfills Applied Science.
   Wildlife population principles and habitat relationships. Current wildlife management practices and research techniques. Human effects on wildlife populations.

2420  Human Physiology (4) Recommended Prerequisite: CHEM 1210 and BIOL 1210 or equivalent. Fulfills Applied Science.
   Principles of human function.

2425  Human Physiology Laboratory (1) Recommended Co-requisite: BIOL 2420.
   One three-hour laboratory weekly. Optional physiology laboratory. Blood, cardiovascular, respiratory, nerve-muscle, endocrine, reproductive, digestive, sensory, immune, clinical molecular techniques.

2510  Genetics and Society (3) Cross listed as PHIL 2510. Fulfills Phys/Life Science or Humanities Exploration.
   Genetic science will increasingly become a part of our daily lives. This course provides a foundation in the basic science and ethical analysis of the risks, benefits, realities, and fictions of genetics. Topics include: Behavioral genetics, personalized medicine, cancer genetics, eugenics, population genetics, research ethics, somatic gene therapy, forensic DNA, biowarfare, infectious disease, and more.

2870  Faculty Research Seminar (1)
   Open to all undergraduates. Familiarizes students with faculty research in all areas of biological science.

3050  Mathematics in Medicine (3) Prerequisites: MATH 1170 and 1180, or MATH 1210 and 1220.
   The course is designed to give students the quantitative tools needed to understand and solve problems and models in the medical sciences, using examples from pharmaceutics, epidemiology, and physiology. The class format will be a combination of lectures and discussion sessions.

3080  Pre-dental Orientation (4)
   Basic course in dental terminology, tooth morphology, materials, and instrument handling. Overview of dental college and dental profession.

3115  Computer Applications: Cell Biology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequsite: BIOL 2020 and PHYCS 2020.
   Fundamentals of electronic and optical instruments used in biological research, and the use of the computer to acquire, process, and display data from instruments, applied principally in cell-physiology experiments.

3125  Molecular Tools for Evolutionary and Population Biology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 and 2030.
   Laboratory course. DNA extracted from individual organisms and characterized for PCR and RFLP polymorphism. Interesting DNA regions cloned and sequenced. Results from different individuals cloned and polymorphic structure of population examined.

3130  Molecular and Cellular Physiology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2420.
   A major focus of the post-genomic era is to understand how molecules encoded by the genome influence the function of cells and organs. Physiology must now bridge the disciplines of molecular and cellular biology, biophysics and organismal behavior. Students will address questions that include: What are the specific contributions of proteins to cellular behavior? What brings about the coordinated behavior of collections of cells? How do underlying genetic mechanisms mediate adaptive responses to environmental stimuli? Clinical correlates will be used to help link molecular studies to organ function and behavior.

3210  General and Pathogenic Microbiology (4) Cross listed as PATH 3010. Prerequisite: CHEM 1110, 1120 and BIOL 2020
   Medical microbiology for students in health professions. The topics include molecular approaches to viral and bacterial pathogenicity, introduction to host immunological responses to pathogens, and theories of antibiotic action.

3215  Cell Biology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020.
   Experimental analysis of cell structure and function. Note: students may enroll concurrently in BIOL 5215 and carry out more extensive and independent experiments.

3230  Developmental Biology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020 and 2030.
   Basic patterns of development in representative animals and plants. Cellular, molecular, and genetic bases of mechanisms underlying morphogenesis and differential gene expression. Experimental evidence supporting these mechanisms and methods used to expand understanding of development.

3235  Developmental Biology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3230.
   This lab exposes students to the experimental basis for our understanding of development in animals. Students replicate classical experiments of developmental biology using a variety of model organisms including (but not limited to) sea urchins and amphibians.

3240  Introduction to Cellular Neurobiology (3) Recommended Prerequsite: BIOL 2020 and PHYCS 2020.
   Introduction to the anatomy, physiology, and chemistry of nervous systems at the cellular level.

3245  Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3240 or Co-requisite.
   Methods and instrumentation of neurobiology; emphasizes electrophysiology with computerized data acquisition and control.

3250  Cancer Biology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 and 2030.
   Recently it has become clear that cancer is caused by a series of DNA mutations that either occurred in individual cells during our lives or were inherited by all our cells. The vulnerable genes encode molecules that control cellular growth and behavior. We will study the normal role of these genes, the changes that occur in cancer cells, and what this suggests for prevention and treatment. In addition to recent molecular research on cells, we will also examine the important clues about cancer that have from the study of tumor viruses and of the incidence rates of specific cancers in human populations.

3310  Comparative Vertebrate Morphology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020.
   Evolution of vertebrate structure with emphasis on current functional and evolutionary interpretations. Introduction to vertebrate biomechanics.

3315  Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Laboratory (1) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020. Recommended Co-requisite: BIOL 3310.
   Survey of vertebrate evolution and structure.

3320  Comparative Physiology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   Physiological mechanisms of animals with emphasis on vertebrates: Neural and hormonal control, musculoskeletal function, cardiopulmonary function, energetics, thermoregulation, and osmoregulation.

3325  Comparative Physiology Laboratory (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, 2015, and 3320.
   Experimental analysis of physiological principles and mechanisms in animals. Design experiments, collect and interpret data gathered using both classical and contemporary physiological techniques. Entire class meets each week for one hour of lecture and discussion. Each section will then meet for four hours of laboratory on one afternoon per week.

3330  Behavioral Neurobiology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   This course will provide a basic understanding of issues such as: 1) how information is acquired by sensory systems, coded and processed by the central nervous system, 2) how sensory information is translated to motor commands, 3) motor pattern generation, 4) role of experience in shaping organization of brain.

3340  Introduction to Plant Biology (4) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020 and 2030.
   Introduction to the development, physiology, and structure of plants. Topics include plant genetics and molecular biology, plant cell structure and function, photosynthesis, plant morphogenesis and physiology, plant structure, plant reproduction, transport, and plant diversity.

3345  Plant Biology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010. Recommended Co-requisite: BIOL 3340.
   Introduction to experimental aspects of plant biology, including basic laboratory skills, plant genetics, metabolism, structure, and evolution.

3350  Physiology of Plants (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020, or instructor's consent.
   Physiological characteristics of plants; some emphasis on metabolism and characteristics that distinguish plant and animal metabolism and physiology.

3355  Physiology of Plants Laboratory (1) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   Prior or concurrent enrollment with BIOL 3350. Introduction to experimental aspects of plant biology, including basic laboratory skills, plant genetics, metabolism, structure, and evolution.

3360  Vertebrate Embryology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 or 2325.
   Vertebrate body plan and its morphogenesis from conception to birth. Comparative approach with emphasis on mammals. Teratology considered only when it contributes to understanding of development. Students must have completed a course in anatomy prior to enrollment.

3370  Microbial Biology (3) Recommended prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2030 concurrent.
   This course is an introduction to the staggering diversity of form and function in the prokaryotic world. Topics will include aerobic and anaerobic respiration, highlighting oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis; carbon and nitrogen fixation, stressing global nutrient cycles; environmental and metabolic control of gene expression, especially two-component signal transduction; and enzyme co-factor biosynthesis and function, emphasizing the vitamins. Major topics will be illustrated in a biological context using unusual and beguiling prokaryotic organisms.

3380  Evolutionary and Physiological Basis of Health (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 1210, 2020, 2420 and 1 year of college chemistry.
   This course explores the biology that underlies the development and maintenance of a functional and healthy body. Specifically we will view this from a metabolic, physiological and evolutionary perspective.

3410  Ecology and Evolution (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020 and 2030 and either MATH 1170 or 1210. Recommended Co-requisite: MATH 1180 or 1070.
   Causes and consequences of adaptation. Competitive, exploitative, and mutualistic interactions among species; community structure and dynamics; ecosystem processes; variation and selection; speciation; biogeography; evolution of life histories and social interactions. Experimental and comparative methods for testing hypotheses.

3420  Evolutionary Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, 2020, 2030 or instructor's consent.
   Critical study of the processes that generate and shape biological diversity on ecological and geological time scales. Genetic variation within populations; natural selection at the genic level; evolution of quantitative traits; speciation; extinction. Phylogenetic analysis of diversification and character evolution. Adaptive and non-adaptive evolution; intragenomic conflict; sexual selection; kin selection; coevolution, especially of hosts and parasites; evolution of life histories and aging.

3430  Behavioral Ecology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and either MATH 1170 or 1210.
   Introduction to evolutionary biology of behavior, social interaction, and life histories in animals and plants.

3450  Rain Forest Ecology and Conservation (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 1210 or equivalent. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Introduction to tropical rain forests, biodiversity, and conservation issues.

3460  Global Environmental Issues (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3460. Fulfills International Requirement & P/L Sci Exploration.
   Examination of the world in terms of natural resource consumption, environmental quality, and global change. Techniques in analyzing and evaluating information. Survey of environmental ethics, human population growth, human impact on the chemistry of the atmosphere, water, energy resources, agricultural productivity, and biodiversity. Service-learning.

3475  Biology of Environmental Issues (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and either MATH 1070 or 1170.
   Case studies used to illustrate environmental issues for which there is a major biological component.

3510  Biological Chemistry I (3) Cross listed as CHEM 3510. Prerequisite: BIOL 2020, 2030, CHEM 2320.
   Structure and function of biomolecules, metabolism, and regulation.

3515  Biological Chemistry Laboratory (2) Cross listed as CHEM 3515. Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3510. Recommended Co-requisite: BIOL 3520.
   Laboratory designed to follow or be taken concurrently with CHEM/BIOL 3520. One hour lecture and one 4-hour lab per week.

3520  Biological Chemistry II (3) Cross listed as CHEM 3520. Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3510 and CHEM 3510.
   A continuation of Biological Chemistry I. Nucleic acid structure, protein and nucleic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction.

3525  Molecular Biology of DNA Lab (3) Cross listed as CHEM 3525. Recommended Prerequisite: CHEM 3510 or BIOL 3510.
   From the simplest bacterium to multicellular mammals, each living organism shares vital mechanisms to repair its DNA. In this lab course, we will explore the structure of DNA, mechanisms of DNA damage, consequences of un-repaired DNA damage, and how cells repair DNA.

3820  Physical Principles in Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 1210 or 2020; CHEM 1210 or PHYS 2010 or PHYS 2120 or PHYS 2210; MATH 1170 or MATH 1210 or MATH 1250 or MATH 1270.
   Principles from physics and chemistry are explored in the context of biological processes, especially at the molecular and cellular level. Topics covered include random walks, thermodynamics, molecular recognition, dynamic processes, optics and spectroscopy. Quantitative treatments are emphasized and computer simulation and applications are used extensively.

3900  Teaching of Biology (2) Prerequisite: Junior standing in BIOL.
   Exploring effective means of instruction, emphasizing the challenges and opportunities associated with teaching biology.

3960  Special Topics in Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest, varies from year to year.

4080  Dental Observation (1 to 4) Prerequisite: BIOL 3080.
   Clinical experience credit for pre-dental students. Arranged by student with local dentist and through Pre-dental Advising Office. Weekly chair-side observation with a dentist in the community, research paper, and lab projects required. This course is not repeatable for credit and will not count towards a Biology degree.

4876  Journal Club Seminar (1)
   Students present seminars from current literature in biological research.

4950  Directed Reading (1 to 5)
   Topics by arrangement with individual faculty chosen by student.

4955  Individual Research (1 to 3)
   Research credit by student arrangement with individual faculty and Biology Advising Office.

4956  Research Experience (1 to 12)
   Research experience by student arrangement with individual faculty and biology advising office. CR/NC only.

4960  Communication in Biology (2)
   An experiential course in the analysis, summarization and presentation of biological information, both in written and spoken media.

4995  Biology Honors Research (1 to 4)
   Research fulfilling Biology requirement for College of Science Honors. Restricted to students in the College of Science Honors Program.

4996  Biology Honors Seminar (1) Prerequisite: BIOL 2870.
   Oral presentations of research completed in BIOL 4995. Restricted to students in the College of Science Honors Program.

4999  Honors Thesis/Project (3) Prerequisite: Restricted to Honors College.
   Restricted to students in the Honors Program working on their Honors degree.

5011  Mathematical Biology I (3) Cross listed as MATH 5110. Fulfills Quant Reason(Math & Stat/Log) & Quant Intensive BS.
   Meets with MATH 6830. Mathematical modeling in the biological and medical sciences. Topics will include continuous and discrete dynamical systems describing interacting and structured populations, resource management, biological control, reaction kinetics, biological oscillators and switches, and the dynamics of infectious diseases.

5012  Mathematical Biology II (3) Cross listed as MATH 5120. Fulfills Quant Reason(Math & Stat/Log) & Quant Intensive BS.
   Meets with MATH 6835. Mathematical models of spatial processes in biology including pattern formation in the embryo and during tissue differentiation, applications of traveling waves to population dynamics, epidemiology, and chemical reactions, and models for neural patterns.

5030  Basic Immunology (3) Cross listed as PATH 5030.
   Meets with PATH 7330. This is a survey course covering the basic principles in Immunology. Students should have some exposure to biochemistry, modern genetics, and cell biology. It meets the requirements for the Medical Technology (B.S.) and Medical Laboratory Science (M.S.) programs, and is designed for other interested undergraduate and graduate students. The final third of the course will feature clinical and experimental topics in Immunology with lectures provided by faculty directly involved in the particular area.

5110  Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3510 or CHEM 3510.
   Recombinant-DNA principles and techniques; background biology. Basic enzymology of DNA (restriction and modification, sealing, reverse transcription, nick translation, end labeling, etc.), cloning plasmids and their replication, bacteriophage, and basic methodologies.

5120  Gene Expression (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 and 2030.
   How cells decode the information in their genomes and regulate the processing, localization, and degradation of RNA and proteins. Exploration of the role of gene expression in cell differentiation and disease. Reading from the current research literature.

5130  Plant Biochemistry, Genomics and Molecular Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 or instructor's consent.
   Exploration of the biology of higher plants, with an emphasis on readings from the current literature. Molecular, biochemical and genomics-based experimental approaches and data interpretation are emphasized.

5140  Genome Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 and 2030.
   The sequence of the human genome, and that of other animals and plants, highlights the rapid progress in genomics, the study of the DNA sequence and genes of an organism. This course will examine recent findings in the field, with an emphasis on how advances in genomics are revolutionizing the ways by which we assign functions to sequence and genes. While human genomics will feature prominently, examples will be selected from diverse organisms to illustrate basic principle.

5210  Cell Structure and Function (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020.
   Relations between structure and function in animal cells. Membranes and permeability, structural componentsand motility, cell division, and hormone receptors and functions.Reading from current research literature.

5215  Cell Biology Advanced Projects Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3215.
   Learning tools of cell biology to study malignant transformation in culture, cell culture, organelles, chromosomes, genes, and gene expression.

5220  Molecular Neuroscience (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3240.
   Analysis of mechanisms that generate and propagatenerve impulses (basic electrophysiology). Experimental foundations of present concepts. Historical development of ideas and original research literature.

5221  Human Evolutionary Genetics (4) Cross listed as ANTH 5221. Prerequisite: Junior, Senior or Graduate standing; one semester Calculus; one semester Ecology or evolution. Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   Theories and methods of molecular population genetics, with emphasis on human examples. How DNA sequence variation is analyzed to infer population history and to identity genes recently subject to selection. Laboratory exercises develop elementary programming skills and show ow computation is used to connect models and data.

5230  Mechanisms of Development (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3230.
   Cellular, molecular, and genetic approaches to the analysis of development in complex eukaryotes. Important experimental systems and representative problems at the forefront of current research are explored in depth.

5240  Plant Developmental Biology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3230 or 3340.
   Cellular and molecular bases of plant development.

5255  Prokaryotic Genetics (2 to 5) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020, 2030 or instructor's consent.
   A project-oriented lecture/laboratory on use of experimental and analytical tools of modern genetics using bacteria and their viruses. The format and credit hours may change fro year to year.

5265  Eukaryotic Genetics (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2020 and 2030.
   Advanced course on specialized topics. One lecture and an open laboratory weekly (using Drosophila or C. elegans as laboratory organisms). Cis-acting regulatory elements governing gene expression, mutations affecting early development, and clonal inheritance of gene expression states. Hands-on exercises in genetic fundamentals. Each student carries out an extensive genetic experiment.

5275  Microbial Diversity, Genomics and Evolution (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2030.
   Microbial Diversity, Genomics and Evolution (MDGE) examines the role of microorganisms and their complex interactions with other living organisms and the environment. The lecture course provides an integrated vision of genome biology and microbial physiology, diversity and ecology and serves as a primer for all students interested in genomics. The integrated laboratory class provides students with an opportunity to collect samples from the environment and examines microbial diversity using modern molecular biological methods and bioinformatic tools.

5280  Biological Microscopy (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 or instructor's consent.
   Practical aspects of microscopy as applied to research problems in biology.

5285  Biological Microscopy Laboratory (1 to 3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 or instructor's consent.
   Individual student project that applies microscopy techniques covered in BIOL 5280 to a problem in biology.

5290  Fundamentals of Biological Microscopy (1) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020.
   Meets with BIOL 6290. Lecture course providing a foundation in the essentials of microscopy and imaging, including digital imaging, for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Meets 2 hrs. per week for one half-semester.

5312  Human Dissection (1) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   General dissections of adult human cadavers; preparation of specific prosections for didactic purposes.

5313  Teaching Anatomy (1 to 2) Prerequisite: BIOL 2325 or instructor's consent.
   Credit for experience as teaching assistant or teaching apprentice in BIOL 231.

5314  Anatomy Colloquium (1) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   Presentation and discussion of advanced topics in vertebrate- human anatomy and morphogenesis. Experience as anatomy teaching assistant or apprentice required.

5315  Advanced Human Anatomy (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2325.
   Design and organization of the human peripheral nervous system and its connections to the central nervous system. Establishes strong foundation for clinical neuroanatomy, incorporating solid biological principles of anatomy.

5316  Anatomy and Physiology Colloquium (1) Prerequisite: Human anatomy and/or human physiology plus professor permission.
   Presentation and discussion of advanced topics in vertebrate structure and function. Experience as an anatomy TA, physiology TA, or instructor's permission required.

5320  The Biology of Aggression (2) Prerequisite: BIOL 3410 & 3430.
   We will explore the evolution of intraspecific aggressive behavior in animals, focusing on sexual selection, game theory, the evolution of fatal fighting, and anatomical and physiological specializations for fighting. These topics will be explored in a lecture/discussion format using readings from the primary literature.

5330  Neural Mechanisms of Behavior (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3330.
   In this course we will explore the ways in which the brain controls natural behavior. We will study subjects such as how bats and owls are able to hunt at night, the unusual sensory abilities of electric fishes, learning and memory, and how we recognize different faces.

5340  Analysis of Vertebrate Structure and Function (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3310 and 3315.
   Structure, function and evolution of vertebrates, with emphasis on locomotor systems. Experimental and theoretical approaches to current questions.

5350  Ecological Physiology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3320.
   Analysis of physiological diversity. Adaptation, plasticity, systems integration, behavioral compromise, phylogenetic influences, relationship of physiological attributes to fitness. Consequences of physiological diversity of ecology and evolution.

5360  Human Form, Function, and Evolution (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2325 and 3310 or 3320 or consent of the instructor.
   This course will examine the way in which modern, experimental approaches in functional morphology, biomechanics, bone and development biology can be used to interpret the relationships between form and function in the modern human body as well as its evolutionary history as documented in the existing fossil record. Special emphasis will be given to current debated related to the evolution of hominid locomotor and feeding behaviors.

5365  Form, Function, and Adaptation of Plants (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   This lecture and lab course explores the form and function of plants in relation to their environment. We cover the anatomy and development of plants in the context of photosynthetic physiology, mechanical support, and resource uptake and transport mechanisms. Adaptations to environmental conditions including drought, light, salinity, temperature, and flooded soils are emphasized.

5370  MAMMALOGY (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3310 or 3320
   Biology of wild animals with emphasis on local forms.

5375  Mammology Lab (1) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3310 or 3320.
   Laboratory exercises in Mammalogy.

5385  Ornithology (4) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 2020 and 2030.
   Birds (Aves) constitute the best known class of organisms on earth. This course presents an overview of the enormous body of information on birds, including topics such as the evolutionary origin and early radiation of birds, molecular systematics, form and function, reproduction and development, population and community ecology, behavior and communication and conservation biology.

5395  Advanced Field Ornithology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 5385.
   14 day intensive field course. Students will study morphological, ecological and behavioral diversity and adaptations of birds across a variety of habitats in the Western U.S. Written exercises will be accomplished during the 2 week period.

5401  Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (3) Cross listed as GEO 5420. Prerequisite: Junior or Senior standing or consent of instructor.
   Survey of the diversity of fossil vertebrates, with emphasis on skeletal morphology and systematics. Additional topics include taphonomy, functional morphology, origins of major groups (clades), tempo and mode of evolutionary change, and mass extinctions, as well as stratigraphic and biogeographic distributions viewed in the context of plate tectonics. One field trip. Meets with GEO 6420.

5410  Molecular Evolution and Population Genetics (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 3410.
   The genetics of populations from an evolutionary perspective; processes that govern DNA sequence evolution; mutation; recombination drift and selection; genetic diversity in natural populations; genetic mechanisms of quantitative variation; techniques for estimating relatedness within and between populations and for reconstructing phylogenies.

5415  Ecology Laboratory (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 3410. Fulfills Upper Division Communication/Writing.
   Generation and testing of ecological hypotheses in laboratory and field experiments. Topics include species variation and natural history, mimicry and frequency dependence, plant chemistry and herbivory, predator-prey dynamics, and competition models.

5420  Advanced Ecology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3410 or equivalent.
   Advanced treatment in central topics in modern ecology; population growth and regulation, competition, predation, herbivory, mutualisms, stability, and diversity of communities.

5425  Advanced Ecology Lab (2) Prerequisite: BIOL 3410 or equivalent.
   Field and classroom laboratory demonstrating ecological principles such as populations growth and regulation, competition, predation, herbivory, mutualisms, stability, and diversity of communities.

5435  Plant Systematics (4) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 3410.
   Overiew of evolution and diversity of vascular plants, with emphasis on identification, phylogeny, and contemporary approaches to problems in classification.

5440  Urban Ecology (3) Prerequisite: One Biology dept. 3000-level course in Ecology.
   Applying the principles of modern ecology to urban ecosystems. Detailed examination of how altered flows of energy, water, and nutrients affect plants, animals and ecological communities in highly modified environments.

5445  Entomology (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, 3410 or instructor's consent.
   This lecture and lab course explores the evolution, ecology, physiology and behavior or insects, the most diverse group of multicellular organisms on earth. Topics covered include the phylogenetic relationships of insects with other invertebrates.

5450  Abundance and Distribution of Organisms (1) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 3410.
   Determinants of distribution and abundance of animals and plants, island biogeography, diversity, long-term evolutionary trends.

5455  Desert Ecology Field Course (5) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010 and 3410.
   A project-oriented field class in the southwestern U.S. deserts. Frequent written and oral reports, and independent projects. Covers hypothesis-testing, experimental design and statistics. Three weeks intensive field class.

5460  Plant Ecology (3) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   Adaptive physiology and structure/function relationships between plants and their environments. Microclimate, energy balance, life-history, competition, and carbon, water, and nutrient relations of plants in different ecosystems. Focus also on the diversity of global plant communities.

5465  Plant Ecology Laboratory (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   A laboratory course with an emphasis on methodologies involved in plant ecology, including vegetation cover, micro-climate, photosynthesis, water relations, and stable isotopes. Course involves individual and group laboratory and computer projects each week. Course includes weekend field trips (desert and forest ecosystems).

5470  Stable Isotopes in Ecosystems (3) Cross listed as GEO 5470. Prerequisite: BIOL 3410 or equivalent.
   A lecture course describing the principles of stable isotope chemistry as applied to biological environments and of the contributions of stable isotope approaches to addressing ecological phenomena from cellular through global levels. Meets with GEO 6470, 7470.

5471  Fundamental Methods of Evolutionary Ecology (3) Cross listed as ANTH 5471. Prerequisite: Graduate standing required; Both BIOL 3410 or equivalent, and MATH 1050 or equivalent. Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   An introduction to the fundamental concepts of evolutionary ecology. Topics to be covered included natural selection, migrations, genetic drift, optimization models, population growth, competition, predation, and age structure.

5475  Stable Isotopes in Ecosystems Laboratory (3) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent and current enrollment in BIOL 5470.
   One-hour lecture and two 3-hour laboratory sessions per week. A laboratory course incorporating technical training, laboratory experiments, and field observations associated with ecological and environmental research. Technical experiences will include training on isotope ratio mass spectrometers, elemental analyzers, GCs, infrared gas analyzers, and vacuum systems. The primary focus of the lab will be to provide students with a range of laboratory/field experiences focusing on experimental design, experimental methodology, data acquisition, and data analysis. Students will work both in teams and independently n laboratory and field projects, followed by an independent project. Because of limited space availability, students will require instructor's consent before enrollment.

5480  Plant-Animal Interactions (2) Recommended Prerequisite: BIOL 2010.
   The ecology and evolution of the interactions between plants and animals (i.e., herbivory, pollination dispersal, mutualisms).

5485  Field Mammalogy (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, 3410 or instructor's consent.
   The goal of this course is to provide undergraduates with intensive experience in modern techniques in field mammalogy, including live-trapping, handling and identification of small mammals, museum specimen preparation as well as aspects of experimental design, data collection and incorporation of results into a comprehensive research paper.

5490  Ecosystem Ecology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, CHEM 2310, MATH 1210 or 1170. Co-Requisite: PHYS 2010, 2110, 2210.
   This lecture course examines the biological, physical, and chemical factors that control cycling of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus within terrestrial ecosystems. Elemental cycles are a critical component of ecosystem function and vital to the stability of ecosystem processes. Topics include the climate system, energy and water balance, carbon and nutrient cycling, plant and ecosystem production, soils and decomposition, trophic relations, fire ecology, land use change, and global biogeochemical cycles.

5495  Biophysical Ecology (4) Cross listed as ATMOS 5495, GEO 5495. Prerequisite: BIOL 2010, CHEM 1220, MATH 1220, PHYS 2010, 2110, or 2210 Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   This quantitative-intensive lecture and laboratory course will examine the physical environment (light, wind, temperature, humidity) in which plants, animals, and soil organisms live, how the physical environment affects their physiological function, and how organisms in turn affect their physical environment.

5510  Evolutionary Developmental Biology (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020, 2030, 3230, 3420.
   Exploration of the molecular, developmental, and genetic mechanisms underlying evolutionary change, with an emphasis on current research literature in animal biology. Topics include the molecular basis of natural diversity in body plans, limbs, pigmentation, and other adaptive traits.

5540  Biochemistry of Membrane Processes (3) Prerequisite: CHEM 3510 or BIOL 3510.
   Meets with BIOL 6540. Explores membrane channels, receptors, and transporters, and associated cellular signaling processes. These are described from diverse perspectives ranging from molecular structure and biophysics to cellular and tissue-level physiology, with emphasis on the diversity of approaches use to understand mechanism. Extensive readings from the primary literature. A review paper is required of students enrolled in BIOL 6540.

5810  Nanoscience: Where Biology, Chemistry and Physics Intersect (3) Cross listed as PHYS 5810, CHEM 5810. Prerequisite: CHEM 1210, 1220; PHYS 2210, 2220; BIOL 2020 recommended.
   An introduction to the emerging fields o nanoscience and nanotechnology. Concepts from biology, chemistry and physics will be used to explore the special features of phenomena at the nanometer scale, and current developments in the design and construction of nanoscale devices will be discussed. Course requirements include a research paper.

5900  Teaching Experience (2) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   Repeatable for up to six credit hours. Credit will not be awarded for teaching the same course more than twice. Contact Biology Advising Office for information. Experience in teaching laboratory, discussion, or quiz sections. Arrangements should be made with professor in charge of course.

5910  Mathematical Models in Biology (2) Prerequisite: Either both MATH 1210 and 1220 or both MATH 1170 and 1180. Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   Various techniques of mathematical modelling of a range of biological systems, including ecology, physiology, cell biology, and genetics.

5955  Scientific Immersion (3) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   The goal of this course is to provide research experience to undergraduates through hypothesis formulation, collecting and analyzing data in both the field and laboratory, preparing results for publication, presenting data to the scientific community, and applying for research funding.

5960  Advanced Special Topics in Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

6020  Introduction to Computing Facilities (2)
   Required course for entering biology graduate students; others invited, space permitting. Offered CR/NC only. Lectures and laboratory assignments familiarize students with University computing resources, particularly the Biology Department's Macintosh laboratory and network VAX computers.

6040  Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience (4) Cross listed as NEUSC 6040, PHYSL 6040.
   The bulk of this course will focus on the cellular mechanisms of signaling. The topics to be covered include basic neuronal/glial morphology and cell biology; neurostructural mapping and identification; basic neural development; cytoskeleton-structure and biochemistry; basic membrane biophysics; cable properties; ion channel biophysics and molecular biology; synaptic transmission; neurotransmitter gated ionotropic systems; and neurotransmitter gated metabotropic systems.

6245  Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology Laboratory (2) Cross listed as NEUSC 6245, PHYSL 6245. Prerequisite: Graduate Neuroscience course or instructor consent.
   Electrophysiology and video microscopy study of nerve, muscle, and synapse. Meets M-F 8AM-9AM for one week before the start of Fall Semester.

6290  Fundamentals of Biological Microscopy (1) Prerequisite: BIOL 2020.
   Meets with BIOL 5290. Lecture course providing a foundation in the essentials of microscopy and imaging, including digital imaging, for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Meets 2 hrs. per week for one half-semester.

6420  Genetics and Genome (3) Cross listed as MBIOL 6420. Prerequisite: BIOL 3510 or equivalent.
   This course covers transmission of the genetic analysis in humans and various model organisms. Some of the Molecular Biology Program students have not had adequate preparation in Genetics (such as a comprehensive undergraduate course in Genetics), and have struggled in the graduate course. To prevent such problems, all students will be given a simple exam the week before the semester begins. This entrance exam will cover basic concepts in Genetics. You should have no problem with this entrance exam if you review the CD-Rom/Booklet entitled Interactive Genetics. This review should include all of the problems on the pre-test. You can find the books on reserve at the campus libraries or you can check it out from the Program Office or buy it (ISBN 0-7380-1546-6) for $16.00 from Hayden-McNiel Publishing. To receive further details, please contact barbara.saffel@genetics.utah.edu. For further information please go to: http://www.bioscience.utah.edu/curriculum/corecourses.html

6510  Fundamentals of Microbial Biology (1.5) Prerequisite: Graduate standing or Instructor's consent.
   This course is a graduate level introduction to the fundamentals of microbial biology. Topics include cell and sub-cell structure, basic metabolism, prokaryote genetics, DNA replication and cell cycle, regulation of transcription and translation, and genomics and diversity.

6520  Current Topics in Microbial Biology (1.5) Prerequisite: Graduate standing or Instructor's consent.
   Four different and current topics are chosen from the primary scientific literature and a member of the Microbial Biology Program faculty presents each one as a series of three or four lectures. Course content varies from year to year. Students are encouraged to recommend topics to the faculty.

6540  Biochemistry of Membrane Processes (3) Prerequisite: CHEM 3510 or BIOL 3510.
   Meets with BIOL 5540. Explores membrane channels, receptors, and transporters, and associated cellular signaling processes. These are described from diverse perspectives ranging from molecular structure and biophysics to cellular and tissue-level physiology, with emphasis on the diversity of approaches use to understand mechanism. Extensive readings from the primary literature. A review paper is required of students enrolled in BIOL 6540.

6900  Teaching Experience (2)
   Experience in teaching lecture, laboratory, or discussion sections. Arrangements made through individual course professor.

6921  Isotopics (2) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   Readings and discussions of advanced topics in environmental physiology, physiological ecology, and ecosystem processes, with some emphasis on stable isotope methods.

6950  Independent Study (1 to 12)
   Independent study on topics chosen by student by arrangement with individual faculty.

6961  Special Topics in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year..

6962  Special Topics in Cell and Developmental Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

6963  Special Topics in Physiology and Organismal Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

6964  Special Topics in Ecology and Evolution Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

6965  Current Topics in Developmental Biology (1) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   Discussions of current research literature in the development of plants and animals.

6970  Thesis Research: Master's (1 to 12)

6975  Biology Masters Project (1 to 12)
   Enrollment is restricted to students enrolled in the MSSST Program.

6980  Faculty Consultation (1 to 9)

7106  Core Seminar: Biochemistry and Molecular (1) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Biology or instructor consent.
   Techniques of seminar presentation and data analysis, and communication of scientific information per se in area of biochemistry and molecular biology.

7206  Core Seminar: Cell, Developmental, and Genetics (1) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Biology or instructor consent.
   Techniques of seminar presentation and data analysis and communication of scientific information per se in area of cellular, developmental, and genetic biology.

7210  Advanced Cell Biology and Physiology (3) Prerequisite: Graduate core courses in Molecular Biology/Biological Chemistry/Neurobiology programs.
   This course focuses on the molecular mechanisms of basic cell biological processes and show how these processes are specialized to regulate synaptic transmission and nervous system function. Topics include: mechanisms of protein targeting to the ER, protein assembly and quality control in the ER, molecular basis of vesicle budding/fusion, molecular motors and vesicle transport, endocytosis/recycling, posttranslational modifications f receptors and mechanisms of signal transduction. All students must have completed the core curriculum in either the Molecular Biology, Biological Chemistry, or Neurobiology programs.

7306  Core Seminar: Organismal Biology and Physiology (1) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Biology or instructor consent.
   Techniques of seminar presentation and data analysis, and communication of scientific information per se in area of organismal and physiology biology.

7406  Core Seminar: Ecology and Evolution (1) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Biology or instructor consent.
   Techniques of seminar presentation and data analysis, and communication of scientific information per se in area of ecology and evolution.

7473  Stable Isotope Ecology (3) Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   Meets with GEO 5470 and GEO 6470. A lecture course describing the principles of stable isotope chemistry as applied to biological environments and of the contributions of stable isotope approaches to addressing ecological phenomena from cellular through global levels. Open only through DCE as a contract course. Credit only. Offered each summer. Limited to 18 students. Two weeks intensive.

7475  Stable Isotope Ecology Laboratory (3) Cross listed as GEO 6475. Prerequisite: Instructor's consent.
   A laboratory course in stable isotope ecology involving experimental design, experimental methodologies, and instrument use. This course involves learning how to operate state-of- the-art isotope ratio mass spectrometers and associated peripherals. Course for credit only. Two wk intensive.

7500  Faculty Research Forum (1)
   Faculty presentations including information on research interests and/or a "scientific autobiography" that describes the steps in their career development. Accessible to students with a basic biology background. Does not count toward graduate credit requirement for cell & molecular students in the Biology Department.

7506  Microbiology Seminar (2) Prerequisite: Graduate standing in Biology or instructor consent.
   Techniques of seminar presentation, data analysis, and communication of scientific information from new areas of microbial biology are taught by the Microbial Biology Program faculty.

7810  Research in Progress (1)
   Students present progress reports on their reseach and receive critical constructive feedback from two faculty members.

7950  Independent Study (1 to 12)
   Independent study on topics chosen by student by arrangement with individual faculty.

7961  Advanced Topics in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

7962  Advanced Topics in Cell and Developmental Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

7963  Advanced Topics in Physiology and Organismal Biology (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

7964  Advanced Topics in Ecology and Evolution (1 to 5)
   Topics of special interest taught when justified by student and faculty interest. Content varies from year to year.

7970  Thesis Research: Ph.D. (1 to 12)

7971  Faculty Consultation (1 to 9)