This Web document is updated twice a year, on or about the first day of registration for Fall and Spring semesters.

1001  Energy Resources in a Sustainable World (3) Cross listed as MET E 1001, ENVST 1001. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Energy is an important resource at all levels of social development. Course examines the dependency of societies on energy resources and the interaction between social goals, technology, economics, environmental concerns, and energy resources. Fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy resources are discussed. Natural laws, the scientific method, and the application of technology are presented in the context of energy production and efficiency of utilization. Environmental pollution and energy conservation are stressed. Importance of energy resources in sustaining the world population, improving the quality of life, and assisting developing countries is also discussed.

1010  Introduction to Geographic Data (1)
   This course introduces students to the types of data that are common in Geography and provides hand-on opportunities for students to work with and interpret them. Weekly modules focusing on a different data type of technique include using Microsoft Excel to manage and manipulate data, basic graphing (creating and interpreting), aerial photo interpretation, an introduction to the types of remote sensing data, data in human geography (such as transportation, time geography, and emergency management) and data in physical geography (including forest history datasets, fire, geomorphology, glaciology and snow hydrology).

1100  Measuring Global Change from Space (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   A diverse fleet of Earth orbiting satellites is providing scientists with a new perspective on our planet. Rapid advances in our understanding of Earth's systems, and humanity's impact on them are being made thanks to satellite data. This course will use satellite images and animations to explore the air, water, land, ice, and living components of the Earth. The course investigates relevant topics including climate change, the ozone hole, EL Nino, deforestation, and retreating glaciers. The importance of change and our ability to measure it is emphasized.

1300  World Regional Geography (3) Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration.
   Study of major world regions emphasizes current activities and problems. Cultural, economic, political, and environmental considerations.

1400  Human Geography (3) Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration.
   The world is becoming more volatile and uncertain. Critical questions facing the world in the 21st century include food security, rapid population change, human disease, energy use/environmental pollution, continuing disparities between rich and poor regions, sustainable transportation/urban development, and geopolitical fragmentation. Human geography, as the study of the interrelationships between people, the places they inhabit and the spaces that comprise the global environments, provides a powerful lens for examining these critical issues. This course examines the relationships between humans and the Earth, including topics in environment and humanity, agriculture in a growing world, population dynamics, the geography of culture, cities and urbanization, patterns of economic development and geopolitical conflict.

1500  Digital Cities (4)
   "Cyberspace" or the information world created by the Internet, World Wide Web (WWW), mobile phones and other wireless information technologies is having a profound impact on cities, society and economics. It is also having a profound impact on the way we view and use geography. The technologies of instant access have potential to dramatically transform our lives and cities much like the automobile changed our world in the 20th century. This course examines the impact of information and communication technologies on people and cities, focusing on the effects of instant access on daily lives, social organization and urban form.

1700  Mountain Environments and Cultures (3) Cross listed as ENVST 1700.
   The course aims at understanding and highlighting the geographical and environmental conditions that characterize some of the major mountain areas around the world, and their correlation/interaction with the cultures, communities and economic systems that they have contributed to originate and shape. The class will further analyze, on global scale the radical changed and impact generated by the discovery of mountain areas and eco-systems through the practice of mountain and out-door sports, as well as the in discriminated use of mountain natural resources, focusing on case studies and actual experiences.

3000  Geo-Excursions in Utah (4)
   Get outside and see how field science is done!. In this course, you'll see some of Utah's excellent scenery and you'll experience firsthand how geoscientists collect data on site. Learn by doing! This class is centered around weekly lectures and four Friday all-day field trips. Topics of the class will vary by semester. Current topics include: snow processes and hydrology of the Wasatch Mountains, and Utah's scenic landforms such as the Great Salt Lake and the Uinta Mountains. This class is repeatable two times for credit if taken from different instructors.

3020  Geographical Analysis (3) Prerequisite: MATH 1030, 1050, or equivalent. Fulfills Quan Reason (Stat/Logic) & Quant Intensive BS.
   Emphasizes the spatial point of view and presents techniques of spatial analysis applicable to all fields of geography. Introduction to the use of multiple correlation and regression techniques in geographic research with special attention addressing problems in the use of these techniques with spatial data.

3040  Principles of Cartography (4) Prerequisite: MATH 1030, 1050, or equivalent.
   Fundamental principles of cartography including perception, visualization, topographic and thematic map interpretation, field mapping techniques (including GPS), and creating computer-based maps in weekly labs. Principles include direction, scale, grids, projections, and spatial transformations, spatial data analysis, data manipulation decisions, color theory and application, and principles of cartographic design and critical evaluation.

3090  Introduction to Medical Geography (3)
   Meets with GEOG 5090. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5090 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course is designed to provide students with a broad introduction to medical geography. Topics include history of medical geography, environments and health, developmental change and human health, diffusion of disease, human modification of the environment and health, inequalities in health outcomes, inequalities in provision and utilization of health care resources, and methods for spatial epidemiology ranging from GIS (Geographic Information Systems)-based visualization to statistical analysis. Selected case studies will be presented in order to illustrate real-world applications of theories, methods, and techniques discussed in class.

3110  The Earth from Space: Remote Sensing of the Environment (3) Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Over the past decade there has been an extraordinary increase in the availability of remote sensing images of Earth. Many people are now familiar with programs like Google Earth. The explosion in the availability of remote sensing data has coincided with a growing number of remote sensing applications. Remote sensing data are now used in anthropology, civil engineering, environmental sciences, geography, geology, hydrology, natural resource assessment, meteorology, and urban planning. This course adopts an interdisciplinary approach applicable to those fields, examining remote sensing theory, techniques, and applications. The course explores the physical basis for remote sensing and remote sending technologies that use sunlight, infrared radiation, radar, and lasers. Five lab exercises give "hands-on" experience with real remote sensing data.

3140  Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) (3) Prerequisite: MATH 1030 or MATH 1050 or equivalent. Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   A recent increase in the use of digital geographic information in many fields has created the need for experts with the knowledge to use this information to society's benefit. Geographers, engineers, environmental scientists, planners, social scientists, computer scientists and many other professionals will encounter digital geographic information in some form in their future careers. This course introduces students to issues that arise in using this information in scientific and decision-making arenas. Topics include: applications of geographic information; modeling geographic reality; spatial data collection; geographic analysis; accuracy and uncertainty; visualization; and legal, economic, and ethical issues associated with the use of geographic information.

3170  Mobile GIS (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3140.
   Meets with GEOG 5170. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5170 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Geolocation technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) allow field-based georeferencing of data at unprecedented levels of accuracy and ease. Mobile GIS involves the extension of geographic information systems (GIS) from the office to the field. A mobile GIS allows field-based capture, storage, updating, analysis and display of geographic information. Mobile GIS is also central to location-based services (LBS), or the access of information based on geographic location in real-time. This course covers the foundations of Mobile GIS, including fundamental GPS theory and integrating GPS data into a GIS.

3200  Geomorphology: Mountains, Rivers, Deserts (4) Cross listed as ENVST 3200. Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or instructor's consent. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Meets with GEOG 5200. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5200 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Why does Utah look different than Kansas? How did the Grand Canyon form? This course explores Earth's surface systems to see how landforms are created and modified over time. These systems include mountain building, and erosion and deposition by rivers, glaciers, landslides, wind, and shoreline processes. Analysis of landforms and processes will be directed towards understanding how the surface of the Earth got to be the way it is, and how it is changing. Comparison of different landforms will be used to illustrate how different processes operate. For example, mountain valleys carved by glaciers are significantly different than those carved by rivers. This course offers explanations for differences such as this, and explores reasons for changes that take place in landforms. Field trips will provide an opportunity to see local examples of different processes and their resulting landforms.

3205  Regional and Global Climates (3)
   Meets with GEOG 5205. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5205 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. In this course we explore the distribution of climates around the world. We will investigate energy and moisture in the atmosphere, atmospheric circulation, controls of regional and microclimates, applied climatology, climatic variations, and consider past and future climates. This course is elemental for understanding the impacts fo climate change on life on our planet.

3210  Global Climate Change (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3210. Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Meets with GEOG 5210. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5210 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The Earth's physical environment is continually changing, and life has responded to these changes. In the very recent past, humans have emerged and rapidly and dramatically affected Earth's environments. This course examines both natural and anthropogenic (human) change to the Earth's environments during the Quaternary (the last 2.5-2.6 million years). Questions considered include: 1) what evidence exists that climate has changed? 2) what causes climate change? 3) how have ecosystems responded to these changes in the past? 4) how has past climate change affected human evolution and cultures? 5) is recent climate warming the result of humand or natural factors? 6) how would increased temperatures affect Earth's ecosystems?

3230  Pyrogeography: Fire, Humans, and the Environment (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3230. Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or equivalent. Fulfills Applied Science.
   Meets with GEOG 5230. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5230 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Fire is an inherently geographical process. Fire can affect landscapes on spatial scales from local to subcontinental and fire can affect, and be affected by processes that occur in our day or over millennia. The past, present and future role of wildland fire is a major concern to scientists, land managers, and the public. Concerns over issues such as forest health and sustainability, especially in light of global change, have added urgency to understanding the role of fire in ecosystems. To understand the interaction of fire and ecosystems the following topics will be covered in this course: the history of humans and fire, fire physics, fire weather, wildlands fuels, fire ecology including the effects of fire on plants and soils, methods of obtaining fire history including historical documents, dendrochronology, and paleoecological proxy, fire regines, how humans have evolved with fire, how humans have modified fire, fire management, fire problems in urban-wildland interface, and future fire regimes.

3270  Biogeography: Global Patterns of Life (4) Cross listed as ENVST 3270. Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000. Fulfills Comm/Wrtg & Phys/Life Sci Exploration.
   Meets with GEOG 5270. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5270 and will be held to a higher standard and/or more work. Biogeography is concerned with the living planet. In particular, biogeographers are interested in the global patterns of life. Student discussions focus on important biogeographical topics, such as biodiversity, conservation, the evolution of life and the impacts of global change to life on our planet. One field trip.

3280  Mountain Weather and Climate (3) Cross listed as METEO 3000.
   Influence of terrain upon typical and severe weather, including local wind circulations and mountain snowstorms. Applications of mountain meteorology to related fields (air pollution, fire weather, road weather) and physiological responses to cold weather and altitude.

3290  Water in Utah (3) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000.
   Meets with GEOG 5290. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5290 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. In this course we will study different aspects of how and where water occurs in Utah, and how it is used. We will start by examining climate systems and how precipitation and temperature vary across the region. We will evaluate rainfall and snowmelt runoff events, long-term trends in stream discharge and examine where, when, and how often floods occur. Next we will see how river processes operate to create unique landforms, and examine how these landforms change over time. We will also examine how humans have altered the flow of natural channels by constructing dams and flood control structures. Additional topics may include ground water flow and storage, pollution, water development, and water conservation. This course includes a field trip.

3292  Snow and Ice (3)
   Meets with GEOG 5292. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5292 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course provides a survey of topics on snow and ice from a physical geography prospective. The formation, physical characteristics and spatial distribution of land cover types such as seasonal-snow, glaciers and sea ice will be investigated. Special attention will be given to mountain snow environments. A half-day Saturday morning field trip in the canyons along the Wasatch Front will provide local examples of snow pack stratigraphy, wind redistribution, avalanche paths, and landscape morphology shaped by previous glaciations.

3310  Introduction to Natural Hazards (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3310. Prerequisite: MATH 1030 or 1050 or an equivalent. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Is your house on the Wasatch Fault? Is it likely to be flooded, or buried by a landslide? This course examines the physical principles of naturally occurring geologic processes, methods of investigating hazards, techniques for assessing risk, and methods of mitigation. Course focuses on landslides, earthquakes, floods, and debris flows. Lectures will draw on Utah examples of these hazards, and present current understanding of the magnitude of the hazard, areas at risk, recurrence intervals, and mitigative measures. Field trips and projects will be directed towards identifying local areas where hazards exist.

3320  Geography of Terrorism and Homeland Security (3) Fulfills International Requirement.
   Meets with GEOG 5320. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5320 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course examines the geographical dimensions of terrorism and homeland security. The course includes examination of the geographic factors that contribute to creating active regions of terrorism, insurgent states and terrorist target areas. Within the homeland security context, the course examines U.S. policy on homeland security, especially with regard to the use of geospatial technologies (geographic information systems, satellite imagery, global positioning systems) for event mitigation, response and recovery. Issues of surveillance and access to public geospatial information relative to individual freedoms are discussed in a cross-national context.

3330  Urban Environmental Geography (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3330. Fulfills Physical/Life Science Exploration.
   Urban Environmental Geography takes an Earth systems approach to two questions: (a) how do environmental conditions impact urban development, and (b) how has urbanization impacted local, regional, and global environments. Subsystems of Earth systems are the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and anthrosphere. Students integrate relevant content of physical, biological, and social science disciplines. Skills, such as interpretation of spatial data, geological cross-sections, hydrologic profiles, weather maps, and census data, are used to evaluate differences among urban settings.

3340  Geography of Disasters and Emergency Management (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3340.
   Meets with GEOG 5340. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5340 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Well-known natural disasters are examined in terms of threat, risk, vulnerability, impact, human consequence and change. Students monitor global disasters and become familiar with the extremes of nature. Disaster analysis concepts are applied to current and historic disaster situations. Internet laboratories assist students in monitoring global disasters.

3341  Technological Hazards (3)
   Introduces students to the scope and variety of technological hazards in today's society including the exacerbating role of populations growth, demographics, and geography. Topics include nuclear waste shipment, terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and the role of Homeland Security in countering these threats. Students will learn the concepts and mechanics of threat and risk analysis in the context of readiness, response, and recovery for technological events.

3350  Resource Conservation and Environmental Management (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3350. Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration.
   Geographic perspective on environmental principles, problems, and solutions. Water, soil, air, mineral, biotic, energy, and scenic resources, roles of modern technology and human populations, local to global environmental issues emphasized. Role of GIS, remote sensing and other geographic approaches to resource management. Field trips or projects required.

3370  Utah's Energy Landscape (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3370. Recommended Prerequisite: Entry-level economics and mathematics class.
   Meets with GEOG 5370. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5370 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Utah's Energy Landscape focuses on production and consumption of Utah's indigenous energy resources including coal, natural gas, hydro, petroleum, uranium, geothermal, wind, and solar. In addition to studying the resource itself, students will also obtain an understanding of primary energy generating technologies, their respective distribution systems, and the technical and economic potential and barriers.

3380  Wilderness Issues and Management (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3380.
   Meets with GEOG 5380. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5380 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The course explores the concept of wilderness we have today, including the ethical, socio-political, and scientific forces that continue to shape that concept and fuel the ongoing debate in the western U.S. and particularly in Utah. Wilderness legislation, federal agency mandates, designation, and resource planning and management tools are all discussed in the context of the National Wilderness Preservation.

3400  Population Geography (4) Cross listed as ENVST 3400. Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration and Upper Division Communication/Writing.
   Meets with GEOG 5400. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5400 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Spatial distribution of world population. Importance of migration and urbanization and consequences of population growth for economic planning.

3420  Political Geography (3)
   How do the physical and human characteristics of a region affect its power relationships with other regions? This and associated questions are the focus of investigation for this course on geopolitics.

3430  Historical Geography of the United States (3)
   Over the past five hundred years, the "national" landscape has been profoundly altered by human activity. The rate of environmental and cultural change in the United States has been so great that the emerging new American society is totally transformed. This course will examine the forces responsible for the transformation and consider how they might shape the future. Topics which will be discussed are the land, people, boundaries, economy, networks and communities.

3440  Global Economic Geography (3) Fulfills Int'l Req & Social Behavioral Science Exploration.
   Meets with GEOG 5440. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5440 will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Globalization-the growing integration of economies and societies-continues to transform the work economy at a rapid pace. This new global economy links distant people and places so that what happens in one place influences what happens in another through networks of interdependence. Most people can identify the widespread changes caused by globalization but many disagree if the benefits outweigh the costs. This course in economic geography provides an excellent introduction to the world economy and a foundation for understanding our increasingly interdependent world.

3460  Military Geography (3)
   Geography in military plans and operations. How geography affects strategic and tactical issues in national defense planning. Influence of overseas base structures on current and future military matters.

3480  Urban Geography (3) Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration.
   External relationships, functions, and internal spatial organization of cities in the developed world.

3600  Geography of Utah (3) Fulfills Social/Behavioral Science Exploration.
   Geography of Utah explores human and physical phenomena that make Utah distinctive. Lectures and labs examine webs of relationships among Utah's people, places, and environments. Students examine Utah's contrasting physical and social environments. They explore what is meant by a sense of place.

3620  Geography of North America (3) Fulfills Diversity.
   With attention primarily to the United States and secondarily to Canada and Mexico. North America is examined from three different points of view: its physical character, the human societies occupying it, and the distinctive sub-regions of which it is comprised. The physical geography emphasizes geomorphology and climatology whereas the human geography stresses political and economic characteristics. The study of sub-regions identifies locally distinctive attitudes, values, and cultural practices.

3630  Geography of Western Europe (3)
   Problems and prospects of Western Europe in a physical, human, historic, economic, and political context. The place of Western Europe in an interdependent global system is explored, as are Western Europe's relationships within the European community, with Eastern Europe and Russia, Africa, the Arab world, United States, and Japan.

3640  Geography of China and Asia (3)
   A comprehensive study of the important population, development, and environmental issues in China and Asia, with a focus on the reform process and rising tensions in China and China's geopolitical and geo-economical relations with its neighbors.

3650  Geography of the Middle East (3) Cross listed as MID E 3765. Fulfills International Requirement & Humanities Exploration.
   The dry zone of the world, the heartland of Islam, the gatekeeper of overland trade, the storehouse of global oil reserves, the inventor of civilization, the incubator of monotheism--such themes as these form the basis of this course on the physical and human geography of the Middle East. At the same time, special attention is given to the significance of physical and cultural variations within the region.

3670  Geography of Latin America (3) Fulfills International Requirement.
   An exploration of modern Latin America's development, problems, and issues in a physical, human, historic, economic, and political context. The place of Latin America in today's global economic and geopolitical system is also examined; that is to say, Latin America's relationships with North America and Europe as well as its association with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other economic organizations.

3700  Mountain Development and Recreation (3) Cross listed as ENVST 3700.
   The course will focus on the phenomenon which academic, industry and public attention have denominated as "Amenity Migration", analyzing, in a general perspective, and more specifically with respect to Utah, all aspects related to the migration waves of "amenity migrants" (i.e. permanent, seasonal and intermittent residents, temporary visitors, resorts' employees, etc.) from urban areas to recreational mountain areas, and how they relate to the geography of Utah and its urban/mountain areas.

3963  Special Topics (1 to 5)
   Lecture, special topics. Generally offered on a one-time basis depending on faculty/instructor availability and interests. Different topics and titles.

4999  Honors Thesis/Project (3)
   Restricted to students in the Honors Program working on their Honors degree.

5090  Introduction to Medical Geography (3)
   Meets with GEOG 3090. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5090 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course is designed to provide students with a broad introduction to medical geography. Topics include history of medical geography, environments and health, developmental change and human health, diffusion of disease, human modification of the environment and health, inequalities in health outcomes, inequalities in provision and utilization of health care resources, and methods for spatial epidemiology ranging from GIS (Geographic Information Systems)-based visualization to statistical analysis. Selected case studies will be presented in order to illustrate real-world applications of theories, methods, and techniques discussed in class.

5100  Aerial Photo Interpretation (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 and MATH 1030 or MATH 1050 (or equivalent) or instructor's consent.
   Meets with GEOG 6100. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6100 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. For majors and nonmajors. Interpretation of aerial photographs to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about the earth's surface, its physical and cultural landscape.

5110  Environmental Analysis Through Remote Sensing (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3110.
   Meets with GEOG 6110. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6110 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. High-resolution multispectral data, coupled with expanding computing power and increasingly sophisticated image processing software, provides a large set of quantitative, graphic and science visualization tools for solving science-based environmental problems using remote sensing data. The theory and application of image-processing techniques such as: data corrections, enhancements, trnsformations, and classification are aimed at specific environmental problems in the natural and human domains. Hands-on experience is gained through image processing laboratory techniques, field-based measurements and real-world science projects.

5120  Environmental Optics (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3110, MATH 1060 or PHYS 1010 or equivalencies, or instructor's consent. Fulfills Quantitative Intensive BS.
   Meets with GEOG 6120. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6120 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The physical principles that determine how light and matter interact are essential to understanding remote sensing and Earth's energy budget. This course explores the complex interactions of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's surface and atmosphere from a quantitative perspective. The physical foundations of visible, infrared, and microwave remote sensing are addressed using both theory and laboratory measurements. Theoretical explanations of reflection, absorption, and transmission of electromagnetic radiation are used to explore practical applications of environmental optics in remote sensing, climate modeling, and everyday phenomena.

5130  Advanced Remote Sensing Applications (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 5110/6110.
   Meets with GEOG 6130. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6130 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Project-based science applications; project objectives, selection of alternative procedures, planning, execution, evaluation, and publication.

5140  Methods in Geographic Information Systems (4) Prerequisite: GEOG 3140.
   Meets with GEOG 6140. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6140 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course explores the practice of using a geographic information system (GIS) to support geographic inquiry and decision making. Students will strengthen their technical knowledge of the common tasks that a geographic analyst faces in applying a GIS to a variety of spatial problems. The lab sections offer an opportunity to gain hands-on experience using a leading commercial GIS to complete a series of real-world projects.

5150  Spatial Data Design for GIS (4) Prerequisite: GEOG 5140/6140.
   Meets with GEOG 6150. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6150 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Digital spatial data is widespread due to the global positioning system (GPS), satellite-based remote sensing, intelligent transportation systems and other geographic information technologies. Spatial data is important and useful due to geographic information systems (GIS) and other spatial applications such as Internet map serving and location-based services. However, spatial data involves complex objects and relationships that cannot be accommodated easily by standard database management systems. This course reviews the fundamentals of database design and data management to support GIS and other spatial applications. Topics include modeling spatial data, spatial database design, spatial query languages, spatial database storage and indexing, and spatial query optimization.

5160  Spatial Modeling with GIS (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 5140/6140.
   Meets with GEOG 6160. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6160 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The power to model complex environmental systems in a geo-spatial framework is one of the great assets of GIS. This course places the fundamental operations and software of spatial analysis and GIS in a modeling framework. The course addresses advanced concepts and techniques in map algebra, cartographic modeling and descriptive and predictive spatial modeling. The course has both lecture and required lab components.

5170  Mobile GIS (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3140.
   Meets with GEOG 3170. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5170 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Geolocation technologies such as global positioning systems (GPS) allow field-based georeferencing of data at unprecedented levels of accuracy and ease. Mobile GIS involves the extension of geographic information systems (GIS) from the office to the field. A mobile GIS allows field-based capture, storage, updating, analysis and display of geographic information. Mobile GIS is also central to location-based services (LBS), or the access of information based on geographic location in real-time. This course covers the foundations of Mobile GIS, including fundamental GPS theory and integrating GPS data into a GIS.

5180  Advanced Applications in GIS (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 5140/6140. Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 5150 and 5160.
   Meets with GEOG 6180. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6180 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Integrative course that encompasses geographic data inputs, processing, and analyses directed toward objects of scientific investigation.

5190  GIS & Environmental Health (3)
   Meets with GEOG 6190. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6190 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course covers applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing in public health. Topics include making effective disease surveillance maps, color theory and visualization, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing data acquisition, visualization, classification, and accuracy assessment. Relevant studies will be presented for students interested in the link between ecology and disease, infectious disease control, cancer cluster detection, enviromental health and justice. Selected case studies will be presented in order to highlight principles, methods, and techniques.

5200  Geomorphology: Mountains, Rivers, Deserts (4) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or instructor's consent.
   Meets with GEOG 3200. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5200 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Why does Utah look different from Kansas? How did the Grand Canyon form? This course explores Earth's surface systems to see how landforms are created and modified over time. These systems include mountain building, and erosion and deposition by rivers, glaciers, landslides, wind and shoreline processes. Our analysis of landforms and processes will be directed toward understanding how the surface of the Earth got to be the way it is, and how it is changing. Comparison of different landforms will be used to illustrate how different processes operate. For example, mountain valleys carved by glacier are significantly different from those carved by rivers. This course offers explanations for differences such as this, and explores reasons for changes that take place in landforms. Field trips will provide an opportunity to see local examples of different processed and their resulting landforms.

5205  Regional and Global Climates (3)
   Meets with GEOG 3205. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5205 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. In this course we explore the distribution of climates around the world. We will investigate energy and moisture in the atmosphere, atmospheric circulation, controls of regional and microclimates, applied climatology, climatic variations, and consider past and future climates. This course is elemental for understanding the impacts fo climate change on life on our planet.

5210  Global Climate Change (3) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000.
   Meets with GEOG 3210. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5210 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The Earth's physical environment is continually changing, and life has responded to these changes. In the very recent past, humans have emerged and rapidly and dramatically affected Earth's environments. This course examines both natural and anthropogenic (human) change to the Earth's environments during the Quaternary (the last 2.5-2.6 million years). Questions considered include: 1) what evidence exists that climate has changed? 2) what causes climate change? 3) how have ecosystems responded to these changes in the past? 4) how has past climate change affected human evolution and cultures? 5) is recent climate warming the result of humand or natural factors? 6) how would increased temperatures affect Earth's ecosystems?

5220  Land Use Planning (3) Cross listed as URBPL 5220. Prerequisite: URBPL 3100 or 3250 or instructor consent.
   Meets with GEOG 6220. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6220 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Land-use concepts, activities, problems, and techniques for land-use planning.

5230  Pyrogeography: Fire, Humans, and the Environment (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or equivalent. Fulfills Applied Science.
   Meets with GEOG 3230. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5230 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Fire is an inherently geographical process. Fire can affect landscapes on spatial scales from local to subcontinental and fire can affect, and be affected by processes that occur in our day or over millennia. The past, present and future role of wildland fire is a major concern to scientists, land managers, and the public. Concerns over issues such as forest health and sustainability, especially in light of global change, have added urgency to understanding the role of fire in ecosystems. To understand the interaction of fire and ecosystems the following topics will be covered in this course: the history of humans and fire, fire physics, fire weather, wildlands fuels, fire ecology including the effects of fire on plants and soils, methods of obtaining fire history including historical documents, dendrochronology, and paleoecological proxy, fire regines, how humans have evolved with fire, how humans have modified fire, fire management, fire problems in urban-wildland interface, and future fire regimes.

5240  Locational Analysis (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3440/5440.
   Meets with GEOG 6240. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6240 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Classical theories and modern techniques for modeling the location of economic activities, with application to practical locational problems and planning.

5260  Snow Dynamics and Avalanche Studies (4) Cross listed as METEO 5260.
   Field sessions require clothing and equipment that allow students to participate in outdoor activities. Students must be able to ski or snowshoe, climb steep terrain, and safely ski back down. Two lectures or discussions weekly combined with one full afternoon in field. Second lecture meets at Alta Town Library before field session. Provides thorough background in technical avalanche forecasting procedures. Study of conditions leading to snow avalanches, broader aspects of snow in all its phases.

5270  Biogeography: Global Patterns of Life (4) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000.
   Meets with GEOG/ENVST 3270. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5270 and will be held to a higher standard and/or more work. Biogeography is concerned with the living planet. In particular, biogeographers are interested in the global patterns of life. Student discussions focus on important biogeographical topics, such as biodiversity, conservation, the evolution of life and the impacts of global change to life on our planet. One field trip.

5280  Quaternary Environments: Deep History of the Desert Southwest (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3200/5200 or instructor consent.
   Meets with GEOG 6280. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6280 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The Quaternary designates the Earth's most recent geomorphic episodes, and Quaternary-aged deposits contain a rich record of environmental changes that have occurred over the past ~1.9 million years. These deposits are preserved in caves, bogs, lakes, alluvium, glaciers, oceans sediments, and archaeological features, so Quaternary scientists must employ multidisciplinary methods to find, recover, date, and analyze materials to reveal information about past climates and biogeography. Students in this class will visit field sites where Quaternary deposits are preserved, learn field methods, and study theories for developing chronologies, analyzing data, and interpreting results. These data are used to provide insight on climate and environmental changes that have affected humans and other organisms in the past, and can shed light on changes that are inevitable going forward into the future.

5290  Water in Utah (3) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 1000.
   Meets with GEOG 3290. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5290 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. In this course we will study different aspects of how and where water occurs in Utah, and how it is used. We will start by examining climate systems and how precipitation and temperature vary across the region. We will evaluate rainfall and snowmelt runoff events, long-term trends in stream discharge and examine where, when, and how often floods occur. Next we will see how river processes operate to create unique landforms, and examine how these landforms change over time. We will also examine how humans have altered the flow of natural channels by constructing dams and flood control structures. Additional topics may include ground water flow and storage, pollution, water development, and water conservation. This course includes a field trip. Students enrolled in GEOG 5290 will be given extra assignments and will be held to a higher standard on exams and papers.

5292  Snow & Ice (3)
   Meets with GEOG 3292. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5292 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course provides a survey of topics on snow and ice from a physical geography prospective. The formation, physical characteristics and spatial distribution of land cover types such as seasonal-snow, glaciers and sea ice will be investigated. Special attention will be given to mountain snow environments. A half-day Saturday morning field trip in the canyons along the Wasatch Front will provide local examples of snow pack stratigraphy, wind redistribution, avalanche paths, and landscape morphology shaped by previous glaciations.

5300  Advanced Natural Hazards (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or 3200.
   Meets with GEOG 6300. Graduate students should take GEOG 6300 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Field trips required. In this course, students will learn techniques for conducting detailed hazard evaluations. The emphasis will be on field data collection and application of models and analytical techniques to assess the specific magnitude and location of hazards. Wasatch Front hazards, including earthquakes (faulting, ground shaking, and liquefaction), river and lake flooding, landslides (including debris flows and rock falls), and other hazards will be examined.

5320  Geography of Terrorism and Homeland Security (3) Fulfills International Requirement.
   Meets with GEOG 3320. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5320 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course examines the geographical dimensions of terrorism and homeland security. The course includes examination of the geographic factors that contribute to creating active regions of terrorism, insurgent states and terrorist target areas. Within the homeland security context, the course examines U.S. policy on homeland security, especially with regard to the use of geospatial technologies (geographic information systems, satellite imagery, global positioning systems) for event mitigation, response and recovery. Issues of surveillance and access to public geospatial information relative to individual freedoms are discussed in a cross-national context.

5340  Geography of Disasters and Emergency Management (3)
   Meets with GEOG 3340. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5340 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Hazards risk reduction approached from governmental standpoint, including cost reduction through mitigation. Development of awareness and expertise in public safety aspects of hazards-reduction planning and implementation. Relationship between levels of government involving laws, agreements, and developing organizations and programs, as influenced by changing philosophies in legal and financial liability.

5350  Public Lands and Environmental Policy (3) Cross listed as URBPL 5350. Prerequisite: GEOG 3350 or instructor consent.
   Meets with URBPL 6350. Graduate students should enroll in URBPL 6350 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. A review of environmental impact assessment, focusing on the policies, requirements, methods, and examples from the National Environmental Policy Act, with a review of state and local approaches to environmental impact assessment.

5370  Utah's Energy Landscape (3) Recommended Prerequisite: Entry-level economics and mathematics class.
   Meets with GEOG/ENVST 3370. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5370 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Utah's Energy Landscape focuses on production and consumption of Utah's indigenous energy resources including coal, natural gas, hydro, petroleum, uranium, geothermal, wind, and solar. In addition to studying the resource itself, students will also obtain an understanding of primary energy generating technologies, their respective distribution systems, and the technical and economic potential and barriers.

5380  Wilderness Issues and Management (3)
   Meets with GEOG/ENVST 3380. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5380 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The course explores the concept of wilderness we have today, including the ethical, socio-political, and scientific forces that continue to shape that concept and fuel the ongoing debate in the western U.S. and particularly in Utah. Wilderness legislation, federal agency mandates, designation, and resource planning and management tools are all discussed in the context of the National Wilderness Preservation.

5400  Population Geography (4)
   Meets with GEOG 3400. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5400 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Spatial distribution of world population. Importance of migration and urbanization and consequences of population growth for economic planning.

5440  Global Economic Geography (3)
   Meets with GEOG 3440. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 5440 will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Globalization-the growing integration of economies and societies-continues to transform the work economy at a rapid pace. This new global economy links distant people and places so that what happens in one place influences what happens in another through networks of interdependence. Most people can identify the widespread changes caused by globalization but many disagree if the benefits outweigh the costs. This course in economic geography provides an excellent introduction to the world economy and a foundation for understanding our increasingly interdependent world.

5700  Teaching Methods in Geography (3)
   In-service teachers welcome. Acquaints secondary and elementary teachers of geography and social studies with recent national curriculum materials and strategies. Inquiry-oriented, practical, and participatory.

5712  Paleoenvironmental Field Methods for Geographers (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3200/5200 or instructor consent.
   Meets with ANTH 5712. This course will be conducted in conjunction with the University of Utah's summer program in archaeological field methods (ANTH 5712), held at Range Creek Canyon. This ten-day field course is designed to teach methods used by paleo-researchers for reconstructing past environments on a local to regional scale. Students will receive training in a variety of field techniques including survey, mapping, site description, and soil identification. Paleoenvironmental methods currently being applied in Range Creek include packrat midden analysis, bog and sediment coring, and alluvial stratigraphy, and students will participate in actual data collection contributing to the current project.

5770  Paleobiogeography (3) Recommended prerequisite: GEOG 3260.
   Meets with GEOG 6770. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6770 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Class consists of lectures and field trips. A detailed examination of current methods and theories in plant geography. Plant geography, or phytogeography, is the study of the distribution of plants in both space and time. Lectures will focus on some of the techniques, including historical, tree ring, and pollen analysis, used to study past and present distributions of individual plant species and plant communities (vegetation). Current issues in plant geography will be discussed.

5810  Field Seminar (4) Cross listed as ENVST 5810.
   Meets with GEOG 6810. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6810 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Repeatable for credit. One or more field trips. Student responsibile for selected aspects of cultural and/or environmental patterns and processes.

5880  Paleolimnology (4) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 3270.
   Meets with GEOG 6880. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6880 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Paleolimnology is the reconstruction and interpretation of past environments from the physical, chemical, and biological information contained in lake sediments. In the last decade the field of paleolimnology has enjoyed rapid expansion. This course is a detailed examination of current methods and theories in paleolimnology. Lectures will focus on current issues in paleolimnology and labs will examine the most recent paleolimnological techniques. There will be one or two Saturday field trips.

5940  Internship in Geography (3 to 5)
   Undergraduate geography students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department who is willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and faculty member. Forms are available in the department office.

5950  Undergraduate Research (3 to 5)
   Undergraduate geography students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department who is willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

5951  Directed Readings (3 to 5)
   Undergraduate geography students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department who is willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and profesor. Forms are available in the department office.

5963  Special Topics (1 to 5)
   Generally offered on a one-time basis depending on faculty/instructor availability and interests.

6000  Spatial Statistics (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3020.
   Mechanics, rationale, and use of advanced multivariate dependence and classification techniques in geographic research; with special attention addressed to problems in the use of these techniques with geographical data.

6010  Geocomputation (4) Recommended Prerequisite: MATH 1210 or equivalent knowledge of basic calculus.
   The increasing volume and complexity of available digital geographic data overwhelms traditional analytical modeling methods. Alternatively, we can exploit the increasing power of computational environments to analyze geographic phenomena with a minimum of simplifying assumptions. This course is a high-level introduction to the use of computational intelligence methods for exploring, analyzing, modeling and simulating geographic phenomena. Techniques discussed include heuristic search in spatial optimization, pattern recognition and machine learning techniques and simulating complex spatio-temporal systems.

6100  Aerial Photo Interpretation (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 and MATH 1030 or MATH 1050 (or equivalent) or instructor's consent.
   Meets with GEOG 5100. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6100 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. For majors and nonmajors. Interpretation of aerial photographs to obtain quantitative and qualitative information about the Earth's surface, its physical and cultural landscape.

6110  Environmental Analysis Through Remote Sensing (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3110.
   Meets with GEOG 5110. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6110 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. High-resolution multispectral data, coupled with expanding computing power and increasingly sophisticated image processing software, provides a large set of quantitative, graphic and science visualization tools for solving science-based environmental problems using remote sensing data. The theory and application of image-processing techniques such as: data corrections, enhancements, trnsformations, and classification are aimed at specific environmental problems in the natural and human domains. Hands-on experience is gained through image processing laboratory techniques, field-based measurements and real-world science projects.

6120  Environmental Optics (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3110, MATH 1060 or PHYS 1010 or equivalencies, or instructor's consent.
   Meets with GEOG 5120. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6120 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The physical principles that determine how light and mater interact are essential to understanding remote sensing and Earth's energy budget. This course explores the complex interactions of electromagnetic radiation with the Earth's surface and atmosphere from a quantitative perspective. The physical foundations of visible, infrared, and microwave remote sensing are addressed using both theory and laboratory measurements. Theoretical explanations of reflection, absorption, and transmission of electromagnetic readiation are used to explore practical applications of environmental optics in remote sensing, climate modeling, and everyday phenomena. Graduate students should take GEOG 6120 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work.

6130  Advanced Remote Sensing Applications (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 5110/6110.
   Meets with GEOG 5130. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6130 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Project-based science applications; project objectives, selection of alternative procedures, planning, execution, evaluation, and publication.

6140  Methods in Geographic Information Systems (4) Prerequisite: GEOG 3140.
   Meets with GEOG 5140. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6140 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course explores the practice of using a geographic information system (GIS) to support geographic inquiry and decision making. Students will strengthen their technical knowledge of the common tasks that a geographic analyst faces in applying a GIS to a variety of spatial problems. The lab sections offer an opportunity to gain hands-on experience using a leading commercial GIS to complete a series of real-world projects.

6150  Spatial Database Design for GIS (4) Prerequisite: GEOG 5140/6140.
   Meets with GEOG 5150. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6150 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Digital spatial data is widespread due to the global positioning system (GPS), satellite-based remote sensing, intelligent transportation systems and other geographic information technologies. Spatial data is important and useful due to geographic information systems (GIS) and other spatial applications such as Internet map serving and location-based services. However, spatial data involves complex objects and relationships that cannot be accommodated easily by standard database management systems. This course reviews the fundamentals of database design and data management to support GIS and other spatial applications. Topics include modeling spatial data, spatial database design, spatial query languages, spatial database storage and indexing, and spatial query optimization.

6160  Spatial Modeling with GIS (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 5140/6140.
   Meets with GEOG 5160. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6160 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The power to model complex environmental systems in a geo-spatial framework is one of the great assets of GIS. This course places the fundamental operations and software of spatial analysis and GIS in a modeling framework. The course addresses advanced concepts and techniques in map algebra, cartographic modeling and descriptive and predictive spatial modeling. The course has both lecture and required lab components.

6180  Advanced Applications in GIS (3) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 5140 and 5150 and 5160.
   Meets with GEOG 5180. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6180 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Integrative course that encompasses geographic data inputs, processing, and analyses directed toward objects of scientific investigation.

6190  GIS & Environmental Health (3)
   Meets with GEOG 5190. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6190 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. This course covers applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing in public health. Topics include making effective disease surveillance maps, color theory and visualization, global positioning system (GPS), remote sensing data acquisition, visualization, classification, and accuracy assessment. Relevant studies will be presented for students interested in the link between ecology and disease, infectious disease control, cancer cluster detection, enviromental health and justice. Selected case studies will be presented in order to highlight principles, methods, and techniques.

6220  Land Use Planning (3) Prerequisite: URBPL 3100 or 3250 or instructor consent.
   Meets with GEOG 5220. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6220 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Concepts, activities, problems, and techniques for land-use planning.

6240  Locational Analysis (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3440/5440
   Meets with GEOG 5240. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6240 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Classical theories and modern techniques for modeling the location of economic activities with application to practical locational problems and planning.

6280  Quaternary Environments: Deep History of the Desert Southwest (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 3200/5200 or instructor consent.
   Meets with GEOG 5280. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6280 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. The Quaternary designates the Earth's most recent geomorphic episodes, and Quaternary-aged deposits contain a rich record of environmental changes that have occurred over the past ~1.9 million years. These deposits are preserved in caves, bogs, lakes, alluvium, glaciers, oceans sediments, and archaeological features, so Quaternary scientists must employ multidisciplinary methods to find, recover, date, and analyze materials to reveal information about past climates and biogeography. Students in this class will visit field sites where Quaternary deposits are preserved, learn field methods, and study theories for developing chronologies, analyzing data, and interpreting results. These data are used to provide insight on climate and environmental changes that have affected humans and other organisms in the past, and can shed light on changes that are inevitable going forward into the future.

6300  Advanced Natural Hazards (3) Prerequisite: GEOG 1000 or 3200/5200.
   Meets with GEOG 5300. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6300 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Field trips required. In this course, students will learn techniques for conducting detailed hazard evaluations. The emphasis will be on field data collection and application of models and analytical techniques to assess the specific magnitude and location of hazards. Wasatch Front hazards, including earthquakes (faulting, ground shaking, adn liquefaction), river and lake flooding, landslides (including debris flows and rock falls). and other hazards will be examined.

6770  Paleobiogeography (3) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 3270.
   Meets with GEOG 5770. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6770 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Lectures and field trips. A detailed examination of current methods and theories in plant geography. Plant geography, or phytogeography, is the study of the distribution of plants in both space and time. Lectures will focus on some of the techniques--ncluding historical, tree ring, and pollen analysis--used to study past and present distributions of individual plant species and plant communities (vegetation). Current issues in plant geography will be discussed.

6810  Field Seminar (4)
   Meets with GEOG 5810. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6810 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. One or more field trips. Students are responsibile for selected aspects of cultural and/or environmental patterns and processes.

6880  Paleolimnology (4) Recommended Prerequisite: GEOG 3270.
   Meets with GEOG 5880. Graduate students should enroll in GEOG 6880 and will be held to higher standards and/or more work. Paleolimnology is the reconstruction and interpretation of past environments from the physical, chemical, and biological information contained in lake sediments. In the last decade the field of paleolimnology has enjoyed rapid expansion. This course is a detailed examination of current methods and theories in paleolimnology. Lectures will focus on current issues in paleolimnology and labs will examine the most recent paleolimnological techniques. There will be one or two Saturday field trips.

6900  Research Practicum (1 to 5)
   For master's degree students. Critical reviews of current student, faculty, and external research by small groups of participants with related research interests.

6930  Teaching Practicum: Master's (1 to 5)
   Degree candidates must complete at least one credit hour under supervision of an approved faculty member.

6940  Internship in Geography (1 to 5)
   For master's degree students. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

6950  Individual Projects (1 to 5)
   For master's degree students. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

6951  Directed Readings (1 to 5)
   For master's degree students. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

6960  Seminar in Geographic Problems (3)
   Selected geographic problems. Faculty research specializations in which seminars may be offered include biogeography, climate variability, counterurbanization, field and laboratory methods in remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), mathematical methods, quaternary field studies, reconstructing historical environments, remote sensing theory and applications, soils, theories of development, urban trends, and regional analysis.

6961  Seminar in Geographic Thought and Inquiry (3)
   History of the discipline from ancient to modern times; geography's relationship to major trends in Western thought and current methodological debates; exploration of the contemporary literature in selected geographic sub-fields and an introduction to research design and writing

6963  Special Topics (1 to 5)
   For master's degree students. Generally offered on a one-time basis depending on faculty/instructor availabillity and interests.

6970  Thesis Research: Master's (1 to 10)

6974  Technical Report Research: Master's (1 to 10)

6981  Faculty Consultation (3)

7900  Research Practicum (1 to 5)
   For Ph.D. students. Critical reviews of current student, faculty, and external research by small groups of participants with related research interests.

7930  Teaching Practicum: Ph.D. (1 to 5)
   Degree candidates must complete at least one credit hour under supervision of an approved faculty member.

7940  Internship in Geography (1 to 5)
   For Ph.D. students. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

7950  Individual Projects (1 to 5)
   For Ph.D. students only. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

7951  Directed Readings (1 to 5)
   For Ph.D. students only. Students are responsible for finding a faculty member in the department willing to work independently with the student. An independent study form must be filled out and signed by student and professor. Forms are available in the department office.

7970  Dissertation Research: Ph.D. (1 to 10)

7981  Faculty Consultation (3)

7990  Continuing Registration: Ph.D. (0)